By Bruce Spangenberg Soils are the foundation of gardens and landscapes, featuring characteristics that vary among locations ...

A grey or light-coloured 'E' horizon is the result of severe leaching, or eluviation, which washes out everything but quartz grains. Eluviation is the removal of soil, clay, silt or fine organic ...

Cryoturbation, the burial of topsoil material into deeper soil horizons by repeated freeze–thaw events, is an important storage mechanism for soil organic matter (SOM) in permafrost-affected soils.