Shoulder dystocia, which occurs when the baby’s shoulder ... risk factors such as maternal diabetes and abnormally large fetal dimensions. The failure to recommend a necessary cesarean section ...

including shoulder dystocia and brachial plexus injury. Obstetricians use a variety of factors in clinical decision-making for delivery management. Estimated fetal weight by both ultrasound and ...

Shoulder dystocia was defined as a delivery that required ... women at 42 weeks' gestation were checked daily in the hospital. Each day, fetal heart rate monitoring was performed to evaluate ...