In math, boys in England opened up a 26-point difference ahead of girls, scoring 538 versus 512 for girls, a stark difference to 2019 when there was a two-point difference of 516 (boys) to 514.

The solution: "With the AI-ALF math tasks, we know that the students are ultimately looking at the on-screen display of the problems," says Lilienthal. "We use this to automatically readjust the ...