despite the hints at their bond in Goya’s paintings and prints of the Duchess. In The Black Duchess (1797), in which María is seen in her mourning clothes, she wears two rings, one engraved ...

All of this changes with the Saturn of 1820-24, one of the series known as the Black Paintings. What returned Goya to this subject? What did he recognize in himself that charged the work with such raw ...