Nearly 150 years ago, scientists began to imagine how information might flow through the brain based on the shapes of neurons ...

Nevertheless, such observations are complex─they require delicate samples kept in the liquid phase, low electron dose, and proper cell viability verification methods. Despite being highly demanding, ...

Chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles that have some degree of independence in their operation and reproduction. However, they still require proteins made from instructions in the cell nucleus .

Edited by Donald Ort, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL; received December 10, 2024; accepted January 28, 2025 ...

CTR1's main job in the chloroplast is to phosphorylate the TOC33 at a specific location—at position 260 in the protein chain of an amino acid called serine. By altering this site in the plants ...

Chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles that have some degree of independence in their operation and reproduction. However, they still require proteins made from instructions in the cell nucleus .

Plant cells are generally difficult to vitrify and are too large for conventional FIB milling workflows. We opted for chloroplast extraction and plunge-freezing (Sup. Fig. 1), which facilitated the ...