In the Industrial Age, America was built on steel and powered by oil. Today, in the Tech Age, the economy is driven in cyber ...

Henry Clay and John Calhoun backed James Madison’s Tariff of 1816, as did ex-free traders Jefferson and John Adams. It worked. In 1816, the U.S. produced 840,000 yards of cloth. By 1820 ...

Madison signed the first protective tariff in American history. The Tariff of 1816 placed a tax on imported goods, protecting American industries in textiles, iron, and other manufacturing.