How does bumpy skin hide a cephalopod? The business of papillae. Papillae are sections of the skin that can be deformed in order to change texture ... most dynamic in the animal kingdom, helping ...

In giraffes, papillomaviruses cause scaly lesions on the skin that spread over time, sometimes merging into larger masses. "New lesions begin as a thickened plaque on the skin," Campling said.

From scales to feathers to fur, vertebrates clothe themselves in a dazzling variety of textures and hues ... he saw to his shock placode-like bumps dotting the skin of scaled embryos.