Autologous arteriovenous access is the key to long-term success with hemodialysis and is strongly supported by the National Kidney Foundation's Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines.

Various venipuncture sites have been described, including the jugular vein, brachial vein, femoral vein, subcarapacial plexus, dorsal and ventral coccygeal veins and occipital sinus 1,2.

The ventral coccygeal vein is the most convenient blood collection ... Blood can be collected from the brachial area of the forearm in some lizards. This site is located near the shoulder joint ...