Athletes can benefit from a nuanced understanding of the autonomic nervous system and the physiology of how the body actually ...

About two-thirds of people get goosebumps and the remaining one-third do not. While they don’t help humans much today, they once helped animals appear larger and retain body heat.

2 For tropical animals such as humans, immersion in cold water is ... breath holding and coactivation of the cold shock (sympathetic autonomic nervous system response) and diving response ...

Multilevel approaches ranging from whole-animal study to ion-channel recordings ... induces significant functional and neuroplastic changes among autonomic neurons in the central nervous system (brain ...